Blockchain Bibliography 

a selective collection of cryptography research papers on blockchain techniques. 
maintained by Hong-Sheng Zhou; work in progress; stay tuned!

• Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System
  Satoshi Nakamoto
  whitepaper 2008
  
  
• How to Time-Stamp a Digital Document
  Stuart Haber, W. Scott Stornetta
  Crypto 1990
  
  
• Hashcash -- A Denial of Service Counter-Measure
  Adam Back
  2001
  
  
• Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail
  Cynthia Dwork, Moni Naor
  Crypto 1992
  
  
• Exposing Computationally-Challenged Byzantine Impostors
  James Aspnes, Collin Jackson, and Arvind Krishnamurthy
  2005
  

2013

• Majority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable
  Ittay Eyal, Emin Gun Sirer
  FC 2014
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0243
  
  

2014

• The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol: Analysis and Applications
  Juan Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos
  Eurocrypt 2015
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2014/765
  
  
• The Miner's Dilemma
  Ittay Eyal
  SP 2015
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1411.7099
  
  
• Permacoin: Repurposing Bitcoin Work for Long-Term Data Preservation
  Andrew Miller, Ari Juels, Elaine Shi, Bryan Parno, Jonathan Katz
  SP 2014
  
  

2015

• Optimal Selfish Mining Strategies in Bitcoin
  Ayelet Sapirstein, Yonatan Sompolinsky, and Aviv Zohar.
  FC 2016
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.06183
  
  
• Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol
  Ittay Eyal, Adem Efe Gencer, Emin Gun Sirer, Robbert van Renesse
  NSDI 2016 / Blog
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02037
  
  
• SpaceMint: A Cryptocurrency Based on Proofs of Space
  Sunoo Park and Krzysztof Pietrzak and Albert Kwon and Joël Alwen and Georg Fuchsbauer and Peter Gaži
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/528

• Non-outsourceable Scratch-Off Puzzles to Discourage Bitcoin Mining Coalitions
  Andrew Miller, Elaine Shi, Ahmed Kosba, and Jonathan Katz
  CCS 2015
  
  
• Secure High-Rate Transaction Processing in Bitcoin
  Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar
  FC 2015
  
  
• Inclusive Block Chain Protocols
  Yoad Lewenberg, Yonatan Sompolinsky, Aviv Zohar
  FC 2015
  
  
• Demystifying incentives in the consensus computer
  Loi Luu, Jason Teutsch, Raghav Kulkarni and Prateek Saxena
  CCS 2015
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/702
  
  

2016

• Designing Proof of Human-work Puzzles for Cryptocurrency and Beyond
  Jeremiah Blocki, Hong-Sheng Zhou
  TCC 2016B
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/145

• Enhancing Bitcoin Security and Performance with Strong Consistency via Collective Signing
  Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Nicolas Gailly, Ismail Khoffi, Linus Gasser, Bryan Ford
  USENIX Security 2016 / Blog
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.06997
  
  
• Analysis of the Blockchain Protocol in Asynchronous Networks
  Rafael Pass and Lior Seeman and abhi shelat
  Eurocrypt 2017
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/454
  
  
• On Trees, Chains and Fast Transactions in the Blockchain
  Aggelos Kiayias and Giorgos Panagiotakos
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/545
  

• Algorand
  Jing Chen, Silvio Micali
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.01341
  
  
• Blockchain Mining Games
  Aggelos Kiayias, Elias Koutsoupias, Maria Kyropoulou, Yiannis Tselekounis
  EC 2016
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.02420
  

• 2-hop Blockchain: Combining Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake Securely
  Tuyet Duong, Lei Fan, Thomas Veale, Hong-Sheng Zhou
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2016/716
  
  
• Ouroboros: A Provably Secure Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocol
  Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell and Bernardo David and Roman Oliynykov
  Crypto 2017
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/889
  
  
• FruitChain: An Incentive Compatible Blockchain
  Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
  PODC 2017
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/916
  
  
• Hybrid Consensus: Efficient Consensus in the Permissionless Model
  Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/917
  
  
• The Sleepy Model of Consensus
  Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
  Asiacrypt 2017
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/918
  
  
• Snow White: Provably Secure Proofs of Stake
  Phil Daian and Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/919
  
  
• The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol with Chains of Variable Difficulty
  Juan A. Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Nikos Leonardos
  Crypto 2017
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1048
  
  
• SPECTRE: A Fast and Scalable Cryptocurrency Protocol
  Yonatan Sompolinsky and Yoad Lewenberg and Aviv Zohar
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/1159
  
  

2017

• REM: Resource-Efficient Mining for Blockchains
  Fan Zhang and Ittay Eyal and Robert Escriva and Ari Juels and Robbert van Renesse
  USENIX Security
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/179
  
  
• TwinsCoin: A Cryptocurrency via Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake
  Alexander Chepurnoy and Tuyet Duong and Lei Fan and Hong-Sheng Zhou
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/232
  
  
• Algorand: Scaling Byzantine Agreements for Cryptocurrencies
  Yossi Gilad and Rotem Hemo and Silvio Micali and Georgios Vlachos and Nickolai Zeldovich
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/454
  
  
• Ouroboros Praos: An adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake protocol
  Bernardo David and Peter Gaži and Aggelos Kiayias and Alexander Russell
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/573
  
  
• iChing: A Scalable Proof-of-Stake Blockchain in the Open Setting (or, How to Mimic Nakamoto's Design via Proof-of-Stake)
  Lei Fan and Hong-Sheng Zhou
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/656
  
  
• Proofs of Work for Blockchain Protocols
  Juan A. Garay and Aggelos Kiayias and Giorgos Panagiotakos
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/775
  
  
• Thunderella: Blockchains with Optimistic Instant Confirmation
  Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/913
  
  

Blockchain-based Cryptography  (Applications)

2014

• How to Use Bitcoin to Design Fair Protocols
  Iddo Bentov and Ranjit Kumaresan
  Crypto 2014
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2014/129
  

• How to Use Bitcoin to Incentivize Correct Computations
  Iddo Bentov and Ranjit Kumaresan
  CCS 2014
  
  

2015

• Fair and Robust Multi-Party Computation using a Global Transaction Ledger
  Aggelos Kiayias and Hong-Sheng Zhou and Vassilis Zikas
  Eurocrypt 2016
  http://eprint.iacr.org/2015/574
  
  
• Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts
  Ahmed Kosba and Andrew Miller and Elaine Shi and Zikai Wen and Charalampos Papamanthou
  SP 2016
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/675

• How to Use Bitcoin to Play Decentralized Poker
  Ranjit Kumaresan and Iddo Bentov and Tal Moran
  CCS 2015
  

2016

2017

• Overcoming Cryptographic Impossibility Results using Blockchains
  Rishab Goyal and Vipul Goyal
  TCC 2017
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/935
  
  
• Instantaneous Decentralized Poker
  Iddo Bentov and Ranjit Kumaresan and Andrew Miller
  Asiacrypt 2017
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/875
• 
  

Proof-of-Work-based Cryptography

• Pseudonymous Secure Computation from Time-Lock Puzzles.
  Jonathan Katz, Andrew Miller, and Elaine Shi.
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/857
  
  
• Distributed Cryptography Based on the Proofs of Work
  Marcin Andrychowicz and Stefan Dziembowski
  Crypto 2015 
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/796
  
  

Survey, Online Courses, Summer/Winter Schools, Tutorials

• SoK: Research Perspectives and Challenges for Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies.
  Joseph Bonneau, Andrew Miller, Jeremy Clark, Arvind Narayanan, Joshua A. Kroll, Edward W. Felten
  SP 2014 
  https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/261
  
  
• Cryptocurrencies: The Ideas behind the Hype
  Arvind Narayanan
  Video
  
  
• Online Course: Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Techniques
  Spring 2015 / Textbook/Videos/Slides

• Tutorial: Introduction to Cryptocurrencies
  Stefan Dziembowski
  CCS 2015 / Slides
  
  
• Summer School: Blockchain Technologies, from Cryptographic E-cash to Modern Cryptocurrencies
  June 2016 / Slides